Obesity among African-Americans in the United States - 1925 Words

Obesity among African-Americans in the United States (Essay Sample) Content: Obesity among The African-American CommunityNameInstitutionIntroductionAccording to Redinger (2007), obesity refers to an exaggeration of the normal fat content of the body. Redinger further explains that this exaggeration of the body fat content leads to various complications such as "diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis." (Redinger, 2007). He adds that obesity also contributes to metabolic dysfunction, which involve fats and glucose, which in turn causes dysfunctional cardiac rhythms, liver, intestinal, endocrine, and reproductive systems complications. Obesity has become a phenomenon in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s world. Almost all parts of the world experience the obesity problem. This essay will highlight the obesity problem in the world, but more specifically among the African Americans living in the USA. The aim is to analyze the extent of the problem among the chosen population, the causes of obesity, and the potential r emedies that would address this problem effectively. Specifically, this essay will analyze how lack of access to adequate health care facilitates obesity among the African American population. In addition, this essay will critic the suggested remedies to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each, and will finally recommend what, in the opinion of the author, is the most practical remedy.Obesity among African-Americans in the United StatesIn the United States of America, the obesity situation is similar to that in the UK, where the population of the obese population has doubled over the last twenty-five years (Noo.org.uk, 2015). According to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington, today, almost two-thirds of all men and women in the UK are overweight. According to US News and World Report (2011), the number of obese persons in the UK is expected to rise to 26 million from the previous 15 million figure.The situation is similar in t he US. According to a study conducted between the years 1988 to 2008, obesity in the US has risen by double digits. The study predicts that the number of people who suffer from obesity will rise from the current 100 million, which was the figure that the study reported in 2008, to about 165 million people that will be obese in 2030. The report also indicates that the US and the UK have the highest number of obese people as compared with the other members of the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) (US News World Report, 2011). The population of obese people in the United States will rise from the current 32% to about 50% for men and from 35% to about 50% for women (US News World Report, 2011).According to Leslie Friday (2012) obesity among the adult population of the African American population stands at 70%. Of these, four out of five adult African-American women are obese. These data are obtained from the Center for Disease Control. According to Black Wo men Health Study, a study that has been tracking the health of 59,000 black women, breast cancer, diabetes, and glaucoma are more prevalent among the black women as compared to the white women.In his article, Bernstein (2011) explains that of all the obese people in the United States, the African-American population obesity levels supersede the other ethnic groups. 16.1% of African American men are overweight, and 78% of the women are either obese or mildly overweight. These data are obtained from the Center for Disease Control (CDC). Lack of adequate access to health facilities, culture, the environment, and upbringing of the African American population contribute to their high levels of obesity (Bernstein, 2011). He explains that African-American adults have been culturally programmed to tolerate being overweight. He asserts that the African-American culture accepts larger body sizes. He further explains that there are stereotypes that suggest that black women are generally built differently from white women. These stereotypes serve to encourage women to put up with obesity at their own detriment.Melnyk and Weinstein (2012), who assert that cultural tolerance of overweightness has facilitated the increase of obesity, especially, among women, corroborate Bernsteinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s assertions. She further states that the family and social network have a crucial task to disseminate health education to the women to combat the growing levels of obesity. In addition, she offers that obesity can be eliminated if obesity-reducing programs can be applied during the adolescent years of the women.Inadequate Health Care Access Influence on ObesityInadequate access to healthcare is among the main reasons that have been identified as contributing to the obesity menace among the African-American community. This inadequacy of access to health care arises from healthcare disparities that serve to enhance the difficulty of accessing healthcare services especially among the minorit ies, where the African-Americans fall. Some of the healthcare disparities that affect access to health care services among the African-American population include racism in the healthcare industry, existence of "food desserts" in minority neighborhoods, and lack of insurance cover among the African-American population.Racism affects the quality of health care services that the white, black, Hispanic, Asian, and other persons obtain. This fact was concluded in a study that was conducted recently."For instance, new studies have shown that there are stark differences in health outcomes of black and white patients with the same conditions even when they are treated by the same doctor. Studies have shown that diagnoses, treatments, and quality of care can vary greatly depending on a number of factors that affect minority communities including language barriers, lack of insurance coverage, and differential treatments based on the population group." (Medicareadvocacy.org, 2015)When this di fferential treatment happens, the obese people fail to obtain the support and medical attention that is supposed to alleviate their problem. In fact, racism has been shown to contribute to obesity by facilitating depression. "Psychological and social factors also have an impact. Women who report more experiences of racism have been shown to be more likely to become obese," (Zimmerman, 2012).Food desserts also affect the quality of health that most minorities face. Food Desserts refer to neighborhoods that lack fresh produce such as fruit and vegetable due to poor transport and supporting infrastructure. People living in such neighborhoods are forced to eat unhealthy foods that contribute to the obesity problem because they have little or no access to healthy foods (Medicareadvocacy.org, 2015).Lack of health insurance is another major cause of obesity in the sense that the minority, especially African-Americans, who are very poor, lack the necessary funding to afford medical insuranc e. In fact, nearly one-third of all African-Americans were uninsured in the years 2007 and 2008, as was discovered by a study that was conducted then. The income levels, with those in the lower income brackets failing to afford the health insurance policies, which are deemed expensive, influence lack of insurance (Medicareadvocacy.org, 2015).Addressing the Obesity ProblemTo address the obesity problem among the African American community, various authors have suggested possible approaches that may address the problem. Family and social networks could be utilized to disseminate the crucial health education that would serve to assist the obese people address the problem. Social networks may disseminate information concerning the dangers of obesity, and offer guidance and counselling services. Guidance and counselling services would greatly assist some individuals whose obesity arises from discrimination and other social-economic factors. There is need to fund small and local level ini tiatives to help people make the changes that their lives needÂ(Zimmerman, 2012).In addition, there is need to eliminate health disparities and inequities. This may be achieved by enhancing social justice mechanisms. Social justice refers to the equitable distribution of the societies benefits, duties, obligations, and the consequences they have on the communities. Therefore, social justice may be used to alleviate the racism and health disparities that facilitates differential treatment in healthcare. Social justice may be useful in altering social policies in healthcare to ensure that only policies that are positively responsive of the needs of the entire society are adopted (Medicareadvocacy.org, 2015).The Pros of Using Social Networks and Social Justice to Resolve the Obesity ProblemSocial justice mechanisms and social networks are effective in addressing the obesity problem, each in its own way. Social networks, for instance, may be effective in ensuring a communal and soci ety based approach towards solving the obesity problem. The social networks may be important in disseminating life changing information to the obese people. For instance, they may be vital in sensitizing people about their right to adequate health, and information on where they may obtain these services.Social justice mechanisms on their part may be crucial in ensuring that social policies are adopted and implemented in a way that addresses the circumstances of every individual. For instance, the government may enforce strict non-discrimination policies. When non-discrimination policies are implemented, access to health care would be facilitated for all individuals, especially the African-Americans suffering from obesity.The Cons of using Social Networks and Social Justice MechanismsUsing social networks and social justice mechanisms can be expensive and slow. Rallying people together towards a common underta...

A Farmer Of Louisiana, Not An Insider Trading Scandal

A farmer in Louisiana, not an insider trading scandal, will destroy the multibillion dollar daily fantasy sports (DFS) industry. DFS is a rapidly growing segment of the online sports gaming industry where popular sites have grown by approximately 300% over the last year and are currently valued at over $1 billion (Miller Singer, 2015). Leung (2015) describes the basic DFS tournament as a weekly tournament where professional athletes are allocated a value based on past performance. She says that participants are allocated a ‘salary cap’ and create a roster based on the sum of those athletes’ values, until they reach their cap. Leung also shows how a participant’s score is determined by the performance of their selected athletes that†¦show more content†¦Since the actions of the major online gambling sites promote, and will continue to promote, usage by individuals in states that outlaw online gambling, the sites should be illegal on the federal lev el since they violated the UIGEA. In states where DFS are currently legal DFS sites operate within the confines of the existing laws, and they should be considered completely legal under the current law. Most states currently permit DFS, as they are not seen as predominantly games of chance (Huffman, 2014). Miller Singer present the widely cited statistic that 91 percent of all DFS profits are won by just 1.3% of players (2015). This statistic shows that there has to be some talent involved in DFS for a few individual to collect the majority of the profits. If DFS was entirely based off of chance the profits would be distributed in a random manner. Since the UIGEA explicitly permitting fantasy sports that are (1) for a value not dependent by the amount of participants or fees, (2) not dependent on the outcome of any real-world games, and (3) determined by the skill of the participants DFS are legal federally (Huffman, 2014). Additionally, the determination of the skill component is entirely left up to the individual states to decide what constitutes a game of chance and what constitutes a game of skill (Huffman, 2014). Most states use the predominant purpose test to determine whether to classify a game as a game of chance

The Use of Imagery and Nicknames with Native American...

For a long time the use of Native American surnames, imageries, and representation has Been in deliberation for decades. Depending on what side your perspective is on the subject, it can Be either characterized as malicious or a tribute to the Native American Heritage. Numerous Social Groups, Religious and Civil Rights Organizations, and individual Educational Institutions think that Specific use of racial surnames is labeling to a specific ethnic group and must be abolished. Largely A large number of people not affiliated with the Native American race feel that if a sports franchise Or school uses their ethnical background as a surname and imageries are idolizing their heritage. The Native American heritage was built on†¦show more content†¦Numerous tribal communities or Native American people are honored with the use of Surnames from sports franchises or schools. 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Ethan Frome Irony Essay Example For Students

Ethan Frome Irony Essay ETHAN FROME KEYHOLE ESSAYThe novel Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton tells the story of Ethan Frome and the tragedy he faces in his life. The story mainly focuses on the relationships between and among Ethan, his wife, and his wifes cousin, with whom he is in love. Wharton uses different literary devices to develop the plot, including irony as one of the most effective. The use of irony in the novel, especially in the climatic sledding scene, greatly adds to the development of the tragedy. The sled ride which Ethan and Mattie take at the end of the story is full of irony. They often talk of going sledding together. In the first conversation that the two have in the novel, sledding becomes one of the first topics. Mattie relates an incident, Ned Hale and Ruth Varnum came just as near running into the big elm at the bottomWouldnt it have been too awful? Theyre so happy (19). Coasting on the hill is a spirited pastime for young couples in the small town. The elm offers a bit of a scare and a chance for the young men to show off their skill. Ethan and Mattie simply want to enjoy this amusement. The chance for a sledding ride does not come until the night Mattie is supposed to leave. Their sorrow over Matties departure changes their motives concerning sledding. They see a collision with the elm as a way to avoid parting. Mattie suggests, Right into the big elmSo t wed never have to leave each other any more (71). The irony is that sledding, an innocent pastime, becomes a to ol the lovers use to try to escape their situation. Another ironic element of the sledding ride is the appearance of Zeenas face, Ethans wife, during the scene. Ethan and Mattie are speeding down the hill towards the elm to what they believe will be their deaths. In one of the last instants before they reach the tree, Zeenas face appears to Ethan. But suddenly his wifes face, with twisted monstrous lineaments, thrust itself between him and his goal, and he made an instinctive movement to brush it aside (72). Ethan seems not to have thought about the effects his death would have on his wife, but this sudden image of his wife suggests that he feels guilty. It is ironic that he uses phrases such as sullen self-absorption and evil energy to describe his wife (50). Yet, she is the last person he imagines before he reaches the elm. This moment is one last time that he must brush her aside, as he attempts to break free from Zeena forever. When Mattie is to be sent away, Ethan and Mattie grow desperate looking for a way out of their impossible situation. They decide that it is better to die in a sledding accident together than live their lives apart. Ethan hesitates slightly, But in a flash he remembered the alternative. She was right: this was better than parting (72). Ultimately, they both survive the crash, though both have permanent injuries. Mattie is confined to a wheelchair, and Zeena helps care for her. Ironically, the crash they intended to end their lives only makes their lives worse. Mattie returns to live with Zeena and Ethan in a cold household. Ethan becomes the primary caretaker of the two women, who continue to cause suffering in his life. Mrs. Hale says, But sometimes the two of them get going at each other, and then Ethans faced break your heart.When I see that, I think its him that suffers most (76). After the accident, the Frome household is caught in a living death, rather than released from its te nsions. .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 , .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .postImageUrl , .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 , .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631:hover , .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631:visited , .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631:active { border:0!important; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631:active , .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631 .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2efbd85dd2edf6041bea77a8b6124631:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trade Deficit EssayThe tragic aspects of the novel are further emphasized by the use of irony. Rather than simply writing the unfortunate episodes of the story, Wharton reminds the reader that these situations have the capability of producing favorable results. This contrast between the possibility of a good ending and the resulting tragedy creates the illusion of an even greater tragedy.